Unfortunately, few of us could apply this description in every detail to our own groups. Such smooth running perfection is seldom found in human institutions. More commonly we stutter, and clank toward our goal.

There are wide differences in the efficiency with which groups operate, ranging from near perfection to complete chaos. When effective action is obtained, we are not quite certain why things worked out so well. Actually, those who have led and have developed an efficiently working team have probably been “playing by ear.” They have learned the hard way-largely by trial and error- which techniques work for them. They rarely can explain the reasons why a certain move was chosen or why it was successful. They have learned by experience that certain methods work, and often they are equally certain that other schemes will fail.