The expectations of a given group may be based upon such things as tradition, past performance, the social status of the membership and leadership, the group’s publicly stated purposes, and the public image of the organization and its organizational affiliation. These forces become effective as they are reflected by individual members or by the members communicating and interacting with each other and making decisions. However, forces may originate forum individuals who are not members of his group, from other groups in the community, or from institutions within the community, such as church, school, or business. Or they may come from other groups with which the local groups are affiliated-such as local Red Cross affiliation with national Red Cross organization. Also forces arise from the more abstract American value system, related to the expectancies of various kinds of groups and group activities.